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Pyrrolizidine alkaloidosis
Pyrrolizidine alkaloidosis is a disease caused by chronic poisoning found in humans and other animals caused by ingesting poisonous plants which contain the natural chemical compounds known as pyrrolizidine alkaloids.〔''The Merck Veterinary Manual''. Pyrrolizidine Alkaloidosis: Introduction (Seneciosis, Senecio poisoning, Ragwort toxicity). Merck & Co., Inc., 2008. Web. 15 November〕 Pyrrolizidine alkaloidosis can result in damage to the liver, kidneys, heart, brain, smooth muscles, lungs, DNA, lesions all over the body, and could be a potential cause of cancer.〔〔Rizk, Abdel-Fattah M., ''Naturally Occurring Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids''. Doah: CRC Press, 1990〕 Pyrrolizidine alkaloidosis is known by many other names such as "Pictow Disease" in Canada and "Winton Disease" in New Zealand.〔Hirono, I. ''Naturally Occurring Carcinogens of Plant Origin''. Toyoake: Elsevier, 1987〕 Cereal crops and forage crops can sometimes become polluted with pyrrolizidine-containing seeds, resulting in the alkaloids contaminating flour and other foods, including milk from cows feeding on these plants.〔''Bad Bug Book''. Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids. U.S. Food & Drug Administration, 17 Sep, 1998. Web. 3 November〕〔Dharmananda, Ubhuti. Safety Issues Concerning Herbs: Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids. Institute for Traditional Medicine, 2007. Web. 5 November〕
==Plant types and causes==
Pyrrolizidine alkaloidosis is caused by the consumption of one or more of the 200 known plant species containing the toxic pyrrolizine alkaloids found all over the world today.〔 Established as the most common source of this illness are plants such as ragwort (''Senecio jacobaea''), woolly groundsels (''Senecio redellii'', ''Senecio longilobus''), rattleweed (''Crotalaria retusa''), and seeds of yellow tarweed (''Amsinckia intermedia'').〔 There are 30 known pyrrolizidine alkaloids that are hepatotoxic, meaning they cause injury to the liver.〔 Although animals innately know to give these toxic plants a wide berth while grazing, in extreme drought conditions animals have been known to ingest them as a source of minimal protein. Animals can also be poisoned if the toxic plant material is in pellets, or harvested with grain.〔〔Talcott P: Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Poisoning. In: Robinson NE (ed): ''Current Therapy in Eqine Medicine'', 5th Edition. Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders Co., 2003, pp. 788-790〕
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